- Co-Head of Investment Strategy
United States, Intermediary
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Concentrated markets: Implications for active management, manager research, and multi-manager capital allocation
Members of our Fundamental Factor Team share research insights on the portfolio impact of benchmark concentration and highlight tools that may help, including extension strategies, passive-share analysis, and index-completion approaches.
18
min
Article
2025-12-31
A guide to investing in the age of anxiety
There's a long list of issues worrying asset owners, from geopolitical risk to high valuations. To help, Head of Multi-Asset Strategy Adam Berger offers coping tips for an uncomfortable investment backdrop and a world where investing rules of thumb may be broken.
15
min
Article
2025-12-01
Trump 2.0: Time to curb your enthusiasm?
How does an allocator navigate markets when so much about the policy landscape is unknown? Our Investment Strategy & Solutions Group offers their views on the new political realities in the US and their global implications, including for equities, bonds, and commodities.
12
min
Article
2025-12-31
Multi-Asset Investment Outlook
To help think through the asset allocation outlook and implications for this year, we offer views from iStrat, our investment strategy and solutions group.
Article
2025-12-31
Monthly Asset Allocation Outlook
Wondering how to reposition your portfolio amid election-related uncertainty? Explore the latest monthly snapshot of our Multi-Asset Team’s asset class views.
4
min
Article
2025-12-31
Is your portfolio keeping pace with the changed outlook?
It's been an uncertain few years for investors, but looking ahead, we believe investors can expect a resilient economy, a solid outlook for growth and a positive environment for risk assets. What does a changed outlook mean for investors?
8
min
Article
2025-12-31
Don’t let recency bias get in the way of good investment ideas
Tim Antonelli, Head of Multi-Asset Strategy – Insurance, offers ideas to help insurers avoid being anchored to recent events and build portfolio resilience, from locking in higher yields to taking a more dynamic approach with surplus assets.
14
min
Article
2025-11-30
“Goldilocks” and the three drivers of hedge fund outperformance
Members of our Investment Strategy & Solutions Group explain why shifting economic conditions may bode well for hedge funds broadly but also see reasons that manager selection may be more important than ever.
15
min
Whitepaper
2026-11-30
What do the US election results mean for investors?
The US election results could have significant implications for the global economy and capital markets. Our panel of experts provides a thorough analysis of what happened and explores potential market impacts.
Video
2025-11-30
Insurance Quick Takes: Navigating the Principles-Based Bond Definition Project
In our latest Insurance Quick Takes video, Tim Antonelli breaks down the NAIC’s Principles-Based Bond Definition (PBBD) project and implications for US insurers.
6
min
Video
2025-10-31
Take it “ease”-y
Tim Antonelli, Head of Multi-Asset Strategy – Insurance and Portfolio Manager, explains why he thinks insurers should consider locking in current yields and sticking with global equity exposure.
18
min
Article
2025-10-31
US election special: which investment themes win at the polls?
The upcoming US election could be one of the most momentous in recent history. How could the result affect different investment themes? Our thematic team investigate the potential implications for investors.
7
min
Article
2025-10-31
Chart in Focus: What does the rate cut mean for equities and bonds?
Are rate cuts positive? On the heels of the much-anticipated initial Fed cut, in this article we look to historic precedent for where the markets could go in the coming months.
3
min
Article
2025-09-30
Extra credit for corporate plans: Advanced topics in LDI implementation
To help corporate DB plans refine their liability-hedging strategies, members of our LDI Team take a deep dive on 3 key liability risks and offer ideas to help improve the design of hedging portfolios.
25
min
Whitepaper
2026-08-31
Four investment perspectives amid a pivotal US election
How can investors reposition portfolios for a pivotal but highly unpredictable US elections? Nick Samouilhan explores potential avenues in conversation with three leading portfolio managers.
6
min
Article
2025-09-30
Insurance Quick Takes: US life insurers’ utilization of private placements
In our latest Insurance Quick Takes video, Tim Antonelli discusses research on US life insurers’ use of private placement investments, and shares observations for insurers globally.
3
min
Video
2025-08-08
Massive market sell-off: Justified or an overreaction?
What's behind the global market meltdown, and what should investors consider doing? Global Investment and Multi-Asset Strategist Nanette Abuhoff Jacobson shares her views.
3
min
Article
2025-08-31
Does the US election even matter? Thoughts on politics, Fed policy, and portfolios
What's next for interest rates and what impact will the US election have? Head of Multi-Asset Strategy Adam Berger and Macro Strategist Mike Medeiros share their outlook and discuss the asset allocation implications.
9
min
Article
2025-06-30
The AI effect: Time to rethink your technology exposure?
Will AI fulfill the market's high expectations? Will it continue to drive market concentration? Head of Multi-Asset Strategy Adam Berger and Global Industry Analyst Brian Barbetta, co-head of our Technology team, discuss the outlook and the asset allocation implications.
7
min
Article
2025-07-31
Come on in, the water’s fine! Ready for a surplus summer
Tim Antonelli, Head of Multi-Asset Strategy – Insurance and Portfolio Manager, explains why he continues to see reserve fixed income as the sweet spot for insurers and why there may be upside for equities.
17
min
Article
2025-07-31
Thematic investing focus: how exactly will AI transform the world?
We are on the brink of a technological revolution that has major implications for all sectors, companies, labour, and regulators. How can a thematic lens help investors separate hype from reality?
8
min
Article
2025-06-30
Divergence isn’t just about central bank policy
Divergence has implications for investors —and central bank divergence is only one of five ways to think about it.
8
min
Article
2025-06-30
When the Fed sneezes, the ECB… cuts rates regardless?
Since the late 1990s, when the US cycle turned, the rest of the world generally followed, with a lag. However, the new economic era is likely to result in greater cyclical divergence between countries and the need for different central bank responses. How should investors think about the age of economic divergence?
7
min
Article
2025-03-21
Factors to consider when allocating to US small-cap stocks
From avoiding "junk" to holding on to "graduates," members of our Fundamental Factor Team share their research insights on the pursuit of alpha in the small-cap space.
18
min
Whitepaper
2026-05-31
What could change the trajectory of value stocks?
Head of Multi-Asset Strategy Adam Berger and Equity Portfolio Manager Nataliya Kofman discuss “resilient” value stocks, disruptive themes, and attractive sector- and country-level opportunities.
7
min
Article
2025-05-31
Small-cap stocks: Watching for mean reversion, technology diffusion, and the next inflection point
Our experts discuss factors that could help small-cap stocks rebound and the search for winners in this inefficient segment of the market.
8
min
Article
2024-12-31
Exploring active opportunities amid continued regime change
Head of Multi-Asset Strategy, APAC, Nick Samouilhan outlines why today's environment of dispersion, divergence and disruption offers potentially compelling opportunities for active investors.
2
min
Video
2025-04-30
Can hedge funds play the role?
How should investors select the most suitable types of hedge funds for specific roles? Members of our Investment Strategy & Solutions Group offer a simple and intuitive framework that can help.
11
min
Article
2025-03-31
Picking the right building blocks for a climate-aware portfolio
For asset owners integrating climate change into their multi-asset portfolios, members of our Investment Strategy & Solutions Group offer five important insights.
3
min
Article
2025-04-30
Thematic investing focus: evolving the current generation of energy
The energy transition is taking place amid a greater focus on energy security and affordability. What could this mean for the role of traditional energy companies, ask Keith White Daouii Abouchere and Megan Galligan.
11
min
Article
2025-04-30
Thematic investing focus: advancing the next generation of energy
The decarbonisation process represents the biggest capital cycle in our lifetime. As we develop the next generation of energy, Keith White, Daouii Abouchere and Megan Galligan examine how thematic investors can make the most of this structural opportunity.
11
min
Article
2025-04-30
Risky business: Is now the time for surplus action?
Tim Antonelli, Head of Multi-Asset Strategy – Insurance and Portfolio Manager, considers insurers' renewed interest in risk assets and offers his views on areas that may be worth a closer look.
17
min
Article
2025-04-30
Do fundamentals support a risk-on tilt?
Surprisingly strong economic growth, declining inflation, easy financial conditions — can it get any better for markets? Members of our Investment Strategy & Solutions Group offer their outlook, including their latest views on equities, bonds, and commodities.
Article
2025-03-31
A blueprint for building climate-aware multi-asset portfolios
Members of our Investment Strategy & Solutions Group take a deep dive on the issues asset owners should consider when choosing climate-aware portfolio building blocks, from the evolving opportunity set to the active/passive decision.
Whitepaper
2026-03-31
Using defensive equities in a return-seeking portfolio: A factor framework for corporate plans
Members of our LDI and Fundamental Factor teams share their views on defensive equity investments, including their role in a plan's portfolio and the current environment for defensive factors.
Article
2025-03-31
No bulls in the China shop?
John Mullins, Irmak Surenkok and Steven Ye assess the investment debate surrounding China's prolonged underperformance and outline three investment ideas for active investors to consider.
Article
2025-03-31
Facing the inflation dilemma head on
Inflation has already fallen much quicker than most expected. However, there are convincing reasons why inflation might be higher and more volatile going forward. What are the implications for asset allocation?
Article
2025-02-23
Thematic investing focus: security in a world of great-power competition
In an environment of accelerating great-power competition and geopolitical instability, policymakers may place a higher emphasis on security – even at the expense of economic efficiency. What could this mean for thematic investors?
Article
2025-02-28
Top of Mind: The allocator’s checklist for 2024 and beyond
Head of Multi-Asset Strategy Adam Berger offers near- and longer-term ideas for allocators, including thoughts on areas where capital is scarce, alternatives may be attractive, and risks may bear watching.
Article
2025-01-31
Multi-Asset Market Outlook
To help think through the asset allocation outlook and implications for 2023, we offer views from iStrat, our investment strategy and solutions group
Article
2024-12-31
Navigating a volatile reality: three ideas for 2024 and beyond
2023 saw investors grapple with a new, more volatile reality. How should portfolios be positioned for opportunities and challenges in 2024?
Article
2025-01-31
Fork in the road: Slowdown or reacceleration ahead?
Markets seem to expect a much smoother ride in 2024, but are they too optimistic? Members of our Investment Strategy & Solutions Group offer their macro and market outlook, including their latest views on equities, bonds, and commodities.
Article
2026-01-31
Why income-seeking investors need to look across asset classes
Income plays an even more crucial role in portfolios than many of us realise, contributing a significant portion of returns for multi-asset portfolios. But with cash rates at around 5%, the world of income has changed. This should prompt investors to take a fresh look across asset classes to see where opportunities lie.
Article
2024-12-31
What route is right in emerging markets investing?
How can investors find the most compelling opportunities within emerging market equities? Simon Henry and Dáire Dunne explain why they think targeting the economic development opportunity may provide a roadmap for success.
Article
2024-12-31
Learning to love (or live with) a late-cycle environment
Are we actually in a late-cycle environment and, if so, how should allocators respond? Head of Multi-Asset Strategy Adam Berger offers guidance, including on portfolio positioning, big cycle bets, and security selection.
Article
2024-12-31
Rebalancing a multi-asset portfolio: A guide to the choices and trade-offs
Many investors wrestle with portfolio rebalancing decisions, particularly in volatile environments. In this paper, members of our Investment Strategy Team argue for a well-structured rebalancing policy and share research on different approaches and common implementation considerations.
Whitepaper
2025-12-31
2024 Insurance Outlook: Position portfolios for the unexpected
Tim Antonelli offers two critical ideas for insurers' 2024 investment planning: doubling down on diversification and rethinking risk, including geopolitical and default risk.
Article
2024-12-31
Beyond China: what does the rest of the EM equity world have to offer?
For investors contemplating a separate allocation to EM ex-China equities, members of our iStrat Team share their research on the composition of the opportunity set, the growing divergence in the behavior of EM ex-China equities and Chinese equities, and the long-term market outlook.
Article
2025-11-30
You snooze, you may lose: The case for bonds
There are signs the Federal Reserve's rate-hiking cycle may be nearing an end, but some uncertainty remains. With that in mind, Multi-Asset Strategist Nanette Abuhoff Jacobson considers the timing of a move from cash to bonds.
Quick Take
2024-11-30
Deglobalisation and divergence: opportunity or threat?
John Butler and Supriya Menon discuss the drivers underpinning growing macroeconomic divergence and deglobalisation and what it may mean for asset allocators.
Article
2024-10-31
Thematic investing focus: a new era for medical innovation
Advances in science, tools and technologies are transforming the face of healthcare, revolutionising the diagnosis and treatment of complex diseases. How can thematic investors identify promising opportunities?
Article
2024-09-30
Liability-hedging diversifiers: What’s on your pension’s playlist?
Corporate pensions moving closer to their end state may benefit from more diversified liability-hedging allocations. To help, LDI Team Chair Amy Trainor offers a liability-hedging diversifiers “playlist” — a set of asset classes and strategies that may harmonize well with a variety of objectives, from downside mitigation to long-term outperformance versus long corporate bonds.
Whitepaper
2024-10-31
Early 2024 resolutions: Enjoy the yield but be smart with your surplus
What should insurers expect from markets as we approach the end of the year? Tim Antonelli, Head of Multi-Asset Strategy – Insurance and Portfolio Manager, offers his views and identifies areas that may be worth a closer look.
Article
2024-10-31
Insurance Quick Takes: A look at the future landscape of US insurance climate risk oversight
Tim Antonelli, Head of Insurance Multi-Asset Strategy and Portfolio Manager, discusses the main points of a recent report published by the Federal Insurance Office (FIO), and the importance and impact to US insurers and insurance climate risk oversight.
Video
2024-10-31
Is bad news for the economy actually good news for markets?
While it has taken longer than expected, higher interest rates are starting to take their toll on the global economy and the "bad news is good news" market narrative could be changing. Members of our Investment Strategy team offer their macro and market outlook, including their latest views on equities, bonds, and commodities.
Article
2024-03-31
Income investing in multi-asset portfolios: Tipping the balance in your favour
Income can play a crucial role in the pursuit of investment objectives over time, but research from our iStrat Team argues for a balanced approach to asset allocation decisions given the potential trade-offs between income and capital return, risk, and portfolio diversification.
Whitepaper
2024-09-30
Role, risk, and residual alpha: A framework for manager research
With many asset owners revisiting their strategic asset allocation and considering changes in their investment line-up, Director of Manager Research Kat Price and Head of Multi-Asset Strategy Adam Berger offer their views on manager selection best practices.
Article
2024-08-31
Why cash won’t cut it for long: The case for bonds
Global Investment and Multi-Asset Strategist Nanette Abuhoff Jacobson and Investment Strategy Analyst Patrick Wattiau explore the relative potential benefits of bonds versus cash.
Quick Take
2024-08-31
Insurance Quick Takes: Understanding the latest shifts in mortality and longevity
Tim Antonelli, Head of Multi-Asset Strategy – Insurance, discusses recent trends and patterns on mortality and longevity, why this topic is important for global insurers of all types and sizes today, and potential opportunities.
Video
2025-08-31
Core fixed income: Stop me if you’ve heard this one before
Head of Multi-Asset Strategy – Insurance and Portfolio Manager Tim Antonelli updates insurers on the status of the market today, shares what he believes they can expect for the rest of the year, and identifies areas that may be worth a closer look.
Article
2024-07-31
A test for the global economy
What are the similarities and differences between the US regional banking crisis and 2008's global financial crisis? How likely is a recession? Should investors be focusing on value or growth? In this podcast, Macro Strategist Nanette Abuhoff Jacobson shares her interpretation of where the economy is headed, outlining where the risks and opportunities may lie for investors in the next 12 months.
Video
2024-07-31
How a thematic approach can help harness change within portfolios
Multi-Asset Strategist Supriya Menon and Investment Director Andrew Sharp-Paul discuss why a thematic approach can help harness change within portfolios against a structurally different macroeconomic backdrop.
Article
2024-07-31
Multi-Asset Outlook: A recession is looming…or is it?
The economy has largely shrugged off the banking crisis and other concerns this year, while riding positive sentiment driven by AI enthusiasm and a possible soft landing. Members of our Investment Strategy team offer their macro and market outlook for the second half of the year, including their latest views on equities, bonds, and commodities.
Article
2024-07-31
How to weather the storm: A roadmap for more resilient portfolios
As we face a new era of elevated market and cycle volatility, Co-Head of Investment Strategy Natasha Brook-Walters assesses how asset owners can ensure that their portfolios are up for the challenge.
Article
2024-07-31
Insurance Quick Takes: Unpacking potential impacts of newly proposed NAIC regulations
Tim Antonelli, Head of Multi-Asset Strategy – Insurance, analyzes the potential impact for US insurers of a recent proposal that could allow the NAIC's security valuation office to override ratings of investments.
Video
2024-06-30
Thematic investing focus: Cloud-backed AI and enterprise intelligence
Cloud-based computing and artificial intelligence are transforming the way enterprises operate, creating what we believe will be a secular tailwind for companies providing software, machine learning tools, and cybersecurity.
Article
2024-06-30
Keep your spread and earn on it too? The case for intermediate credit
Amid heightened volatility and an uncertain macro environment, members of our LDI Team see opportunity for corporate plans in the intermediate credit market.
Article
2024-06-30
Mind the liquidity (and cost) gap: Revisiting a plan’s hedge-ratio approach
Members of our LDI Team take a fresh look at the process of setting and managing liability hedge ratio targets, including liquidity considerations that are top of mind today and the implementation toolkit.
Article
2025-06-30
Is your asset allocation ready for the realities of climate change?
Our Investment Strategy Team shares key findings from the research behind their climate-aware strategic asset allocation (SAA) approach, including challenges and trade-offs that asset owners should understand.
Quick Take
2025-06-30
Focus on what you can control: Five alternative investment ideas for an uncertain world
Multi-Asset Strategists Nick Samouilhan and Adam Berger explain how a variety of alternative investments, including select hedge funds and private credit, could help allocators reduce the importance of the economic cycle to their portfolio results.
Article
2024-06-30
Time for a new playbook on bonds
Is it time to add to fixed income allocations? Multi-Asset Strategist Adam Berger and Fixed Income Strategist Amar Reganti offer their views, as well as thoughts on specific areas of opportunity.
Article
2024-05-31
Is the structural case for inflation still intact?
Even if inflation cools in the coming months, members of our Investment Strategy team expect it to be "stickier" over the long term. Find out how that might impact asset allocation decisions.
Quick Take
2024-05-31
EM equities: Can they prove the doubters wrong?
Multi-Asset Strategist Adam Berger offers six reasons that EM equity performance could be much more compelling in the decade ahead, from attractive valuations to economic tailwinds to mean reversion in the US dollar.
Article
2024-05-31
Closing the return gap: A new set of “stepping stone” ideas
Multi-Asset Strategist Adam Berger offers incremental, flexible investment ideas that can be combined to help asset owners pursue their goals amid declining capital market return expectations.
Continue reading
Whitepaper
2024-08-02
The alpha equation: Balancing active risk sources in multi-asset portfolios
Members of our iStrat Team share their research on the process of deciding how much active risk to take at the asset class and security levels in pursuit of alpha objectives. They also offer a step-by-step framework for implementing the research findings.
Whitepaper
2024-04-30
Today’s sweet spot for yield, the growing role of alts
Insurance Multi-Asset Strategist Tim Antonelli provides his latest multi-asset views for insurers, with an emphasis on the value of core fixed income in today's environment.
Whitepaper
2023-10-15
Win by losing? The surprising truth about long-term active management
Research shows that even the best managers have had to bounce back from periods of underperformance. For asset owners who've invested time and effort to find these managers, the data argues for cultivating a long-term mindset.
Quick Take
2024-04-30
Designing a climate-aware strategic asset allocation
Members of our Investment Strategy Team explain how they incorporate climate metrics into their asset allocation optimization process. They also discuss implementation — the choice of specific climate-aware building blocks and strategies to express the desired asset allocation.
Whitepaper
2024-04-30
Lessons from 2008: Stress testing portfolios in today’s market
While very different from 2008, the current market environment makes a strong case for portfolio stress testing. Gregg Thomas, Co-Head of Investment Strategy, offers suggestions for improving the process, including assessing factor positioning and reducing recency bias.
Quick Take
2024-04-30
Integrating climate change into capital market assumptions: our approach and findings
Members of our Investment Strategy team explain how they are incorporating climate-related inputs, including physical and transition risks, into their capital market assumptions and outline the impact of these changes at the asset-class level.
Continue reading
Article
2024-04-30
Adapting our capital market assumptions to the realities of climate risk
Continue reading
How will asset prices be affected by climate risk? Members of our Investment Strategy team explain how they're seeking to answer that question with their new climate-aware capital market assumptions.
Quick Take
2024-04-30
The allocator’s perspective: three key decisions on EM equities
How can investors best access opportunities within an improving outlook for emerging market equities? Natasha Brook-Walters, co-head of iStrat, shares three key decision points for allocators.
Article
2024-03-31
Using market-implied regimes to help build more resilient portfolios
Markets may fluctuate between different regimes, but how exactly should those regimes be defined? Our iStrat Team offers research on their market behavior-based approach and explains how it may aid in constructing portfolios that are better able to withstand the ups and downs of different environments.
Article
2024-03-31
On to the next crisis: Glimpsing a post-SVB world
Amid the turmoil in the US banking sector, Global Investment Strategist Nanette Abuhoff Jacobson suggests investors consider pivoting to a “risk-management mode” that favors higher-quality assets. (Published 14 March 2023)
Quick Take
2024-03-31
SVB collapse: What are the implications?
Multi-Asset Strategist Supriya Menon shares her latest perspectives on the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank Financial Group (SVB) and the unfolding implications for investors. (Published 14 March 2023)
Quick Take
2024-03-31
Thematic investing focus: The education imperative
Education is poised for transformation — and set to see a decade of spending and growth we believe will be unmatched by any since the post-World War II boom.
Article
2024-03-31
More currency volatility ahead: Which hedges could help?
To help investors begin to think about elevated currency risk, as well as opportunities to generate alpha through active currency management, members of our iStrat Team offer an overview of hedging approaches and their potential tradeoffs.
Quick Take
2024-02-29
The churning tides of portfolio liquidity: How to avoid being left high and dry
Markets have sent asset owners some strong reminders of the need to think about liquidity risk across a portfolio and to plan for uncertainty. To help, Multi-Asset Strategist Adam Berger proposes a framework based on the intended uses and sources of liquidity.
Article
2024-02-29
EM evolution: New paths in equity portfolio construction
Multi-Asset Strategist Adam Berger offers a framework for structuring EM equity portfolios, with a focus on "EM 3.0" — differentiated active strategies that have less reference to cap-weighted benchmarks and may be more diversifying in a portfolio.
Whitepaper
2024-01-31
The denominator effect: Thoughts on the rise in private equity allocations
The sharp drop in public markets has left many asset owners with above-target exposure to private assets, raising a number of governance questions. Multi-Asset Strategist Adam Berger considers the likely responses and their potential pros and cons.
Article
2024-02-29
Why investing in themes for EM equities may reap rewards
Portfolio Manager Dáire Dunne outlines why he is increasingly optimistic about the potential opportunities within select EM equity themes this year.
Article
2024-02-29
An allocator’s playbook for 2023
Natasha Brook-Walters, co-head of iStrat, examines the three objectives allocators may wish to focus on in 2023.
Video
2023-12-31
Multi-Asset Outlook — A rocky road to recovery in 2023
Markets may be jumping the gun when it comes to expectations for a policy pivot and the likely risk-asset rewards. Members of our Investment Strategy team still see bumps in the economic road, though their outlook has brightened a bit when it comes to China and other emerging markets.
Article
2024-07-31
Adding thematic equity investments to a multi-asset portfolio: An allocator’s handbook
Thematic investing may add a powerful return engine to portfolios, but allocators sometimes struggle with implementation decisions. Members of our Investment Strategy Team offer a framework for thinking about allocation size, strategy selection, and performance evaluation.
Whitepaper
2024-01-31
LDI in 2023: Ten questions corporate plan sponsors are asking
Members of our LDI Team address a range of topics that US corporate plans will be thinking about in the coming year, from the investment implications of pension accounting changes to the role of alternatives in a return-seeking portfolio.
Article
2023-12-31
Thematic investing focus: The future of food
The global food system has reached a tipping point and change is coming, creating investment opportunities aided by demographic, policy, and innovation tailwinds.
Article
2024-01-31
2023 Insurance Outlook: Resolve to solve with a restocked toolkit
Multi-Asset Strategist Tim Antonelli and Insurance Strategist Max Davies share four actionable ideas designed to help insurers successfully navigate 2023.
Whitepaper
2023-12-31
Demystifying decumulation: A practical guide
Continue reading
Investors seeking a sound decumulation strategy must consider a host of variables, including risks that weren't on the radar when they were accumulating assets.
Article
2023-04-30
URL References
Related Insights
Chart in Focus: Can this equity bull market last?
Can this current equity bull market last? In this latest edition of Chart in Focus, we focus on the indicators of whether it may come to an end or keep running.
Multiple authors